Since ancient times, the stars and the heavens have been a source of wonder. They have also been a driver of scientific progress as the regularity of the stars has been something calling out for explanation. That explanation was possible had been demonstrated with events such as the prediction of eclipses and through detailed astronomical works such as those of Ptolemy. Moving beyond the Ptolemaic model was a significant achievement dependent on the work of many. This work begins with Ibn Al-Haytham, whose empirical approach in optics laid the foundation for modern scientific inquiry. It then moves to Copernicus "On the Revolutions of the Spheres" introducing the revolutionary heliocentric model, which reconceived Earth's place in the universe. Johannes Kepler's works, building on decades of careful observations by Tycho Brahae, led to celestial mechanics and the laws of planetary motion, marking a shift to predictive, mathematical modeling in astronomy. The course culminates with Galileo's "Two New Sciences" highlighting his telescopic discoveries and foundational work in kinematics, which supported the heliocentric model and spurred the development of modern physics. This course offers students a comprehensive understanding of how meticulous observation and innovative theorization transformed astronomy, reshaping our perception of the cosmos.